men who are held

δοκέω Il.7.192, [dialect] Att. [tense] impf. ἐδόκουν, [dialect] Ep.

A

δοκέεσκον AP5.298

(Agath.): —[voice] Med.,

δοκέοντο Opp.C.4.296

: part. δοκεύμενος ib. 109: the [tense] fut. and other tenses are twofold:

1 [tense] fut. δόξω and [tense] aor. 1 ἔδοξα Pi.N.4.37, h.Merc. 208, etc.: [tense] pf. δέδοχα inferred from [tense] plpf.

ἐδεδόχεσαν D.C.44.26

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

ἐδόχθην Plb.21.10.8

, etc., ([etym.] κατ-) Antipho 2.2.2: [tense] pf.

δέδογμαι Hdt.8.100

, etc.: [tense] plpf.

ἐδέδοκτο Id.9.74

.

2 regul. forms (chiefly Trag., Com., and late Prose), [tense] fut.

δοκήσω A.Pr. 388

, Ar.Nu. 562, etc. (once in Hdt., 4.74); [dialect] Dor. δοκησῶ or

- ᾱσῶ Theoc.1.150

: [tense] aor. ἐδόκησα, [dialect] Ep.

δόκ- Od.10.415

, Pi.O.13.56, A.Th. 1041, Ar.Ra. 1485, etc.: [tense] pf.

δεδόκηκα A.Eu. 309

(lyr.):— [voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

ἐδοκήθην E.Med. 1417

(anap.): [tense] pf.

δεδόκημαι Pi.N.5.19

, E.Med. 763 (anap.), Ar.V. 726, also in Hdt.7.16.γ; but δεδοκημένος (q. v.) belongs to δέχομαι.

I expect (Iterat. of δέκομαι, cf.

δέχομαι 11.3

): hence, think, suppose, imagine, (opp. φρονέω, S.Aj. 942 (lyr.), Pherecr.146.4):

1 c. acc. et inf.,

δοκέω νικησέμεν Ἕκτορα Il.7.192

;

οὔ σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι Hdt.1.8

, cf. 11,27, al., Antipho 2.4.5, etc.: rarely with inf. omitted, δοκῶ.. οὐδὲν ῥῆμα.. κακὸν [εἶναι] S.El.61; τούτους τι δοκεῖτε [εἶναι] X. An.5.7.26; freq. in relating a dream or vision, τεκεῖν δράκοντ' ἔδοξεν she thought a serpent produced young, A.Ch. 527; ἐδόκουν αἰετὸν.. φέρειν methought an eagle was carrying, Ar.V.15;

ὁρᾷς γὰρ οὐδὲν ὧν δοκεῖς σάφ' εἰδέναι E.Or. 259

: with inf. only, ἔδοξ' ἰδεῖν methought I saw, ib. 408;

ἔδοξ' ἀκοῦσαι Pl.Prt. 315e

;

ἔδοξ' ἐν ὕπνῳ.. οἰκεῖν ἐν Ἄργει E.IT44

(sts. also, as in signf. 11,

ἐδοξάτην μοι δύο γυναῖκε.. μολεῖν A. Pers. 181

;

ἐν τῷ σταδίῳ.. μέ τις ἐδόκει στεφανοῦν Alex.272.4

).

b think to do, purpose,

ὅταν δ' ἀείδειν.. δοκῶ A.Ag.16

.

2 abs., have or form an opinion,

περί τινος Hdt.9.65

; mostly in parenthetic phrases,

ὡς δοκῶ Pl.Phdr. 264e

; δοκῶ alone, Hdt.9.65, Ar. Pax47, Pl.Prm. 126b; πῶς δοκεῖς; to call attention to something remarked,

τοῦτον, πῶς δοκεῖς; καθύβρισεν E.Hipp. 446

, cf. Hec. 1160, Diph.96, etc.;

πόσον δοκεῖς; Ar.Ec. 399

.

3 δοκῶ μοι I seem to myself, methinks, c. inf.,

ἐγώ μοι δοκέω κατανοέειν τοῦτο Hdt.2.93

, etc.;

ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαί τινος X.Cyr.8.7.25

, cf. Oec.6.11; οὔ μοι δοκῶ I think not.., Pl.Tht. 158e; δοκῶ μοι parenthetic, Id.Thg. 121d.

b δοκῶ μοι I am determined, resolved, c. inf. [tense] pres., Ar.V. 177, etc.: c. inf. [tense] fut., Aeschin.3.53, etc.: c. inf. [tense] aor., dub. in Ar.Av. 671, etc.: rarely without μοι, think fit,

σὺ δ' αὐτὸς ἤδη γνῶθι τίνα πέμπειν δοκεῖς A.Th. 650

.

4 seem, pretend, c. inf. (with or without neg.), ὁρέων μὲν οὐδέν, δοκέων δὲ [ὁρᾶν] dub. l. in Alcm.87;

οὔτε ἔδοξε μαθέειν Hdt.1.10

;

οὐδὲ γιγνώσκειν δοκῶν Pherecr.163

;

τὰ μὲν ποιεῖν, τὰ δὲ δοκεῖν Arist.Pol. 1314a39

;

ἤκουσά του λέγοντος, οὐ δοκῶν κλύειν E.Med.67

;

πόσους δοκεῖς.. ὁρῶντας.. μὴ δοκεῖν ὁρᾶν; Id.Hipp. 462

, cf. Ar.Eq. 1146, X.HG4.5.6.

5 [voice] Pass., to be considered,

δοκεῖσθαι οὕτω Pl.R. 612d

; τὰ νῦν δοκούμενα περί τινος the current opinions, ib. 490a.

6 [voice] Med., Opp.C.4.296; δοκεύμενος.. ἀλύξειν ib. 109.

II of an Object, seem, c. dat. pers. et inf. [tense] pres.,

δοκέεις δέ μοι οὐκ ἀπινύσσειν Od.5.342

; δόκησε δ' ἄρα σφίσι θυμὸς ὣς ἔμεν ὡς εἰ .. their heart seemed just as if.., felt as though.., 10.415: c. inf. [tense] fut., seem likely,

δοκέει δέ μοι ὧδε λώϊον ἔσσεσθαι Il.6.338

: c. inf. [tense] aor. (never in Hom.), τί δ' ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος (sc. ποιῆσαι); A.Ag. 935; seem or be thought to have done, esp. of suspected persons, Th.2.21; to be convicted,

ἂν ἁλῷ καὶ δοκῇ τοὔργον εἰργάσθαι D.23.71

.

2 abs., seem, as opp. to reality,

τὸ δοκεῖν καὶ τὰν ἀλάθειαν βιᾶται Simon.76

;

οὐ δοκεῖν ἄριστος ἀλλ' εἶναι θέλει A.Th. 592

, cf. Pl.Grg. 527b; in full,

τὸ δοκεῖν εἶναι A.Ag. 788

(anap.).

3 seem good, be resolved on, εἰ δοκεῖ σοι ταῦτα ib. 944;

τοιαῦτ' ἔδοξε τῷδε Καδμείων τέλει Id.Th. 1030

.

4 freq. impers., δοκεῖ μοι it seems to me, methinks,

ὥς μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα Il.12.215

; ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ as I think, A.Th. 369, etc.; τὸ σοὶ δοκοῦν your opinion, Pl.R. 487d: freq. in inf. in parenth. clause, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκέειν to my thinking, Hdt.9.113;

δοκέειν ἐμοί Id.1.172

;

ἀλλ', ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, τάχ' εἴσει A.Pers. 246

, etc.; without μοι, X.An.4.5.1.

b it seems good to me, it is my pleasure,

δοκεῖ ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι Th.4.118

, cf. A.Ag. 1350: freq. of a public resolution,

τοῖσι Ἕλλησι δόξαι.. ἀπαιτέειν Hdt.1.3

, etc.;

ἔδοξεν Ἀργείοισιν A.Supp. 605

, cf. Th. 1010; esp. in decrees and the like , ἔδοξε τῇ βουλῇ, τῷ δήμῳ, Ar.Th. 372, Th.4.118, cf. IG1.32, etc.;

τὰ δόξαντα S.El.29

, D.3.14;

παρὰ τὸ δοκοῦν ἡμῖν Th.1.84

, etc.:—[voice] Pass.,

δέδοκται Hdt.4.68

;

οὕτω δέδοκται; S.Ph. 1277

, etc.;

εἰ ἐπαινῆσαι δεδόκηται Pi.N.5.19

;

δεδόχθω τὸ ἄτοπον τοῦτο Pl.Lg. 799e

, etc.;

τοῦτ' ἐστ' ἐμοὶ δεδογμένον E.Heracl.1

;

δεδογμέν' [ἐστί].. τήνδε κατθανεῖν S.Ant. 576

, cf. OC 1431;

τὰ δεδογμένα Hdt.3.76

;

δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ IG22.1.12

, etc. c. acc. abs., δόξαν when it was decreed or resolved,

δόξαν αὐτοῖς ὥστε διαναυμαχεῖν Th.8.79

; δόξαν δέ σφι (sc. λιπέσθαι) Hdt.2.148;

δόξαν ἡμῖν ταῦτα Pl.Prt. 314c

, cf. X.An.4.1.13; ἰδίᾳ δοκῆσάν σοι τόδ' .. ; E. Supp. 129; also

δεδογμένον αὐτοῖς Th.1.125

, etc.; but also

δόξαντος τούτου X.HG1.1.36

; δόξαντα ταῦτα καὶ περανθέντα ib.3.2.19.

5 to be reputed, c. inf., Pi.O.13.56, P.6.40;

ἄξιοι ὑμῖν δοκοῦντες Th.1.76

; δοκοῦντες εἶναί τι men who are held to be something, men of repute, Pl. Grg. 472a;

τὸ δοκεῖν τινὲς εἶναι.. προσειληφότες D.21.213

;

τὸ φρονεῖν ἐδόκει τις εἶναι περιττός Plu.Arist.1

;

οἱ δοκοῦντες Heraclit.28

(dub.), E.Hec. 295; τὰ δοκοῦντα, opp. τὰ μηδὲν ὄντα, Id.Tr. 613;

μετ' ἀρετῆς δοκούσης ἐς ἀλλήλους γίγνεσθαι Th.3.10

; to be an established, current opinion, Arist.APo. 76b24, al.;

τὰ δοκοῦντα Id.Metaph. 1088a16

, al.:— [voice] Pass., οἱ δεδογμένοι ἀνδροφόνοι those who have been found guilty of homicide, D.23.28; also

αἱ δοκούμεναι Πέρσαις τέχναι Polem.Call.60

. (The two senses of δοκέω are sts. contrasted, τὰ ἀεὶ δοκοῦντα.. τῷ δοκοῦντι εἶναι ἀληθῆ that which seems true is true to him who thinks it, Pl.Tht. 158e; τὸ δοκοῦν ἑκάστῳ τοῦτο καὶ εἶναι τῷ δοκοῦντι ib. 162c.)

ἄγγελος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+) ‘messenger’.

① a human messenger serving as an envoy, an envoy, one who is sent

ⓐ by humans (Hom.+; ins, pap; Gen 32:4, 7; Jdth 1:11; 3:1; 1 Macc 1:44; 7:10; Jos., Ant. 14, 451, Vi. 89): in his earthly ministry Jesus ἀπέστειλεν ἀγγέλους (Diod S 2,18,1 the king of India to Semiramis; 4, 65, 4) Lk 9:52; of John the Baptist’s disciples 7:24; of Joshua’s scouts Js 2:25 (cp. Josh 7:22).

ⓑ by God (prophets Hg 1:13; Mal subscr.; a priest Mal 2:7.—1 Esdr 1:48f. S. also Theognis 1, 769, where the poet is Μουσέων ἄγγελος; Epict. 3, 22, 23; 38; Ael. Aristid. 37 K.=1 p. 15 D.; Maximus Tyr. 11, 9c Plato, as the one who brings us information about God, is called ὁ ἐξ Ἀκαδημίας ἄγγ.; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 20, 3; 5 Carnus the soothsayer is ἄγγ. of the gods) of John the Baptist as forerunner Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Lk 7:27 (all Mal 3:1; cp. Ex 23:20).

② a transcendent power who carries out various missions or tasks, messenger, angel (ἄ. as a spirit-being, oft. connected w. the nether world in Gr-Rom. sources [EZiebarth, Neue attische Fluchtafeln: NGG 1899, 127ff no. 24; IG XII/3, 933–74. Other material in Dibelius, Geisterwelt 209ff. S. also the oracles: Theosophien 13 p. 169, 31; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 1, 3 ἐπεκαλεῖτο τοὺς ἀγγέλους καὶ θεὸν Ἄμμωνα; 2, 25, 1; Porphyr., Ad Marcellam 21 ἄγγελοι θεῖοί τε κ. ἀγαθοὶ δαίμονες; Hierocles 3, 424; 23, 468.—ἄ. w. θεοί and δαίμονες Damascius (V/VI A.D.) 183 Ruelle; ἄ. w. δαίμονες and ἥρωες Proclus, Rep. II 243 Kroll, Tim. III 109 Diehl.—FCumont, RHR 72, 1915, 159–82; FAndres, D. Engellehre d. griech. Apologeten 1914 and in Pauly-W. Suppl. III 1918, 101ff; Rtzst., Myst. 171, 2; Bousset, ARW 18, 1915, 170ff] and as a transcendent power in Judaism [LXX; En 10:7; 20:1; 99:3 al.; Essenes in Jos., Bell. 2, 142; Philo, cp. Schürer III 881–85 (on Philo) w. lit.; Joseph.; Test12Patr; prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia (I B.C.) 9f κύριε ὁ πάντα ἐφορῶν καὶ οἱ ἄνγελοι θεοῦ; on this Dssm. LO 353f; 357=LAE 414; 418f; SIG 1181 w. note 2; PFouad 203, 3f (I A.D.); on this PBenoit, RB 58, ’51, 549–65; PKatz, TZ 10, ’54, 228–31. Loanw. in rabb.—Bousset, Rel. 320ff; J-BFrey, L’Angélologie juive au temps de J-Chr.: RSPT 5, 1911, 75–110; HKuhn, JBL 67, ’48, 217–32 Jewish apocalypses], likewise in the magical pap, w. their mixture of gentile and Jewish infl. [PGM 1, 76 an ἄ. as a star fr. heaven; 4, 570ff; 998; 1112; 13, 329; 585; 609; 744]. Cp. the ins APF 3, 1906, 445 no. 67; 451 no. 94. The more common term in polytheistic lit. for beings intermediate between gods and humans is δαίμων [q.v.], which monotheistic writers reserved for reference to a realm hostile to God’s interests, while retaining the term ἄ. for intermediate beings, either those loyal to God or those in rebellion [s. c].)

ⓐ as messengers of God, angels (LXX; Philo, Somn. 1, 190; transcendent messengers of the gods in Hom. are not intermediate beings. Yet the description of Hermes, the κῆρυξ τῶν θεῶν, as their ἄγγελος ἄριστος [Diod S 5, 75, 2] may have made it easier for Gr-Romans in general to understand ἄ. as God’s heavenly messenger; cp. the messenger of the god Men: EA 18, ’91 p. 92f, no. 2, 5f [lit.]) mostly w. gen.: κυρίου (Gen 16:10f al.) Mt 1:20; 2:13, 19; Lk 1:11; 2:9; Ac 5:19; 12:7, 23. τοῦ θεοῦ (Gen 31:11; 32:2 al.; Philo, Deus Imm. 1; Jos., Bell. 5, 388) Lk 12:8f; 15:10; J 1:51 (HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; also s. below on Lk. 2:15). ἄ. θεοῦ (Gen 21:17 A; Judg 13:6 B; Jos., Ant. 1, 73; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 31, 18) Gal 4:14; Hb 1:6 (Ps 96:7; Dt 32:43); 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). Abs. (Num 20:16; Judg 13:11; Tob 6:4ff al.) Lk 1:13, 18, 38; 2:10, 13, 15, 21; J 20:12; Ac 7:53; 1 Ti 3:16; 1 Pt 1:12 (in wordplay on the superiority of human beings to angels s. Sextus 32; on their status and classification s. also Orig., C. Cels. 4, 29, 16) al. ἅγιοι ἄ. (PGM 4, 1934, 1938) Mk 8:38; Lk 9:26; Ac 10:22; Rv 14:10; 1 Cl 39:7 (Job 5:1); Hv 2, 2, 7; ἐκλεκτοὶ ἄ. 1 Ti 5:21 (ἄ. as witnesses so TestLevi 19:3 and SIG 1181, 10=Dssm. LO 351–62 [LAE 413–24]; cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 401); ἄ. ἰσχυρός (cp. Da 4:13; Ps 102:20) Rv 5:2; 18:21. Their abode is heaven, and so they are ἄ. τῶν οὐρανῶν Mt 24:36 (unless οὐρ.=θεοῦ); ἄ. ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Mk 12:25; ἄ. ἐν οὐρανῷ 13:32; ἄ. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ Gal 1:8, cp. Mt 22:30; 28:2; Lk 22:43. They return to heaven when they have fulfilled their mission on earth 2:15. Hence ἄ. φωτός (cp. SJCh 78, 17) 2 Cor 11:14; ἄ. φωταγωγοί B 18:1. There the good are united w. them after death Hv 2, 2, 7; Hs 9, 27, 3. They appear in dazzling light Lk 2:9; Ac 7:30 (Ex 3:2); ISm 6:1; cp. the ‘shining face’ of Ac 6:15; or in white garments J 20:12; cp. Mt 28:3; Lk 24:4. Called πνεύματα Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both after Ps 103:4). πνεύματα λειτουργικά serving spirits Hb 1:14. Their voice is like thunder J 12:29; γλῶσσαι τῶν ἀ. language of angels 1 Cor 13:1 (after the analogy of the languages of the gods, Plato in Clem. Al., Strom. 1, 143; cp. 2 Cor 12:4; Rv 14:2f; TestJob 48–50; GSteindorff, Apk. d. Elias: TU 17, 3a, 1899, 153). They bring messages fr. God to men Lk 1:11f; Mt 28:2ff, and were also active in the giving of the law νόμος διαταγεὶς διʼ ἀγγέλων Gal 3:19; cp. Ac 7:38, 53; Hb 2:2 (Jos., Ant. 15, 136 τῶν ἐν τοῖς νόμοις διʼ ἀγγέλων παρὰ τ. θεοῦ μαθόντων; cp. Did., Gen. 110, 15 κἂν γὰρ διὰ ὑπουργῶν ἀγγέλων ποιῇ ἃ βούλεται θεός). As guardian angels of individuals (Tob 5:6, 22; cp. PGM 1, 172ff; Ael. Aristid. 50, 57 K.=26 p. 519 D.: ὁ σὸς Ἑρμῆς ἐστιν, to whom Aristid. has been entrusted since his birth) Mt 18:10 (PBarry, ET 23, 1912, 182); Ac 12:15 (JMoulton, JTS 3, 1902, 514–27, ET 14, 1903, 5ff); Lk 4:10 (Ps 90:11); Hv 5:1f. They conduct the blessed dead into heaven Lk 16:22 (Hermes does this acc. to Pythag. [Diog. L. 8, 31]); instruct humans to do good Hv 3, 5, 4; δικαιοσύνης m 6, 2, 1 (ParJer 8:12); rejoice at the repentance of a sinner Lk 15:10; cp. the ἄ. τῆς μετανοίας Hm 12, 4, 7; 12, 6, 1 al. They preside over various realms ἄ. ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός Rv 14:18; ἄ. τῶν ὑδάτων 16:5; the four winds 7:1. God assigns them διακόσμησις γῆς Pa (4) (cp. ἄγγελοι ἐπὶ τῶν ἐξουσιῶν GrBar 12:3). An angel, Thegri, rules the animal world Hv 4, 2, 4 (Synes., Ep. 57 p. 192b δαίμονες as leaders of the grasshoppers). ἄ. τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ προφητικοῦ m 11:9; τὸν ἄ. τὸν τιμωρητήν Hs 7:6; cp. ὁ ἄ. ὁ μέγας Hs 8, 4, 1.—As creator of the world AcPlCor 1:15. On ἄ. τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν Rv 1:20, cp. 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14 (on the textual problems associated w. these vss. s. RCharles, ICC Comm. 1920, I, clvii; clxf; II 244; RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 42f) and s. on ἀστήρ.—Subordinate to Christ Mt 4:11; 13:41; 16:27; Hb 1:4ff (Ps 96:7; B-D-F §254, 2); 1 Pt 3:22; Rv 5:11f; glorify him J 1:51 (JFritsch “… videbitis … angelos Dei ascendentes …,” VD 37, ’59, 1–11). δώδεκα λεγιῶνας ἀ. Mt 26:53; μυριάσιν ἀ. Hb 12:22; cp. Rv 5:11. Seven principal angels (Tob 12:15) Rv 8:2, 6; 15:1, 6; 16:1; 17:1; 21:9 (GDix, The Seven Archangels and the Seven Spirits: JTS 28, 1927, 233–50). Six angels, created first, to whom the management of all creation is entrusted Hv 3, 4, 1. Angels at the Parousia Mt 24:31; 2 Th 1:7. Μιχαὴλ καὶ οἱ ἄ. αὐτοῦ Rv 12:7. Revered by people (Celsus 1, 26 Ἰουδαίους σέβειν ἀγγέλους; 5, 6) θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀ. worship of angels Col 2:18; λατρεύειν ἀγγέλοις as a sign of Jewish piety PtK 2 p. 14, 26=Clem. Al., Strom. 6, 41 p. 452, 9. Christ as σεμνότατος ἄ. Hv 5:2; m 5, 1, 7; cp. ὁ ἅγιος ἄ. Hs 5, 4, 4 v.l.; ὁ ἔνδοξος ἄ. Hs 5, 4, 4; 7:1ff; 8, 1, 2. ὁ ἄ. κυρίου Hs 7:5; 8, 1, 2ff; called Michael in Hs 8, 3, 3, where it is to be noted that Michael was the guardian angel of God’s people (WLueken, D. Erzengel Michael 1900; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 575f).

ⓑ intermediate beings gener., w. no ref. to their relation to God (opp. ἄνθρωποι; s. 2 above immediately before a) 1 Cor 4:9 (cp. TestJos 19:9 ἔχαιρον ἐπʼ αὐτῷ οἱ ἄγγελοι κ. οἱ ἄνθρωποι κ. πᾶσα ἡ γῆ).—Ro 8:38 ἄ. as serving spirit-powers seem to be differentiated fr. the ἀρχαί, who rule.

ⓒ evil spirits (Lactant., Inst. 2, 15, 8 daemonas Trismegistus ἀγγέλους πονηρούς appellat. Cp. also Job 1:6; 2:1; Philo, Gig. 16; TestAsh 6:4; PGM 4, 2701; αἱ πονηραὶ δυνάμεις, διάβολος καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ Did., Gen. 45, 5; ADieterich, Nekyia 1893, 60f) τῷ διαβόλῳ καὶ τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ Mt 25:41; cp. Rv 12:9. ὁ δράκων καὶ οἱ ἄ. αὐτοῦ vs. 7; ἄ. τῆς ἀβύσσου 9:11 (s. Ἀβαδδών); ἄ. πονηρός B 9:4; ἄ. τῆς πονηρίας in contrast to guardian angels Hm 6, 2, 1; ἄ. Σατανᾶ, which causes physical pain 2 Cor 12:7; esp. called ἄ. τρυφῆς καὶ ἀπάτης Hs 6, 2, 1f; leading men into evil B 18:1. Of the angels’ fall and their punishment (cp., in the opinion of many, Gen 6:2; En 6ff; 54; Book of Jubilees 5; SyrBar 56:13; LJung, Fallen Angels in Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan Lit. 1926; ALods, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. I 29–54) ὁ θεὸς ἀγγέλων ἁμαρτησάντων οὐκ ἐφείσατο 2 Pt 2:4; ἀ. τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχήν who did not keep to their proper domain (s. ἀρχή 7) Jd 6. From the pass. already quoted above w. Gen. 6:2 (cp. also TestReub 5:3; Jos., Ant. 1, 73 ἄγγελοι θεοῦ γυναιξὶ συνιόντες; and polytheists’ concept of erotic desires of transcendent beings: HUsener, Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 74f; Rtzst., Poim. 228ff. Herr der Grösse 14f; and GJs 14:1) some conclude that the angels were subject to erotic desires; this is held to explain the regulation that women are to wear a veil in church services, since angels are present (cp. Origen, Orat. 31 and Ps 137:1 ἐναντίον ἀγγέλων ψαλῶ σοι) 1 Cor 11:10 (for another view and for the lit. s. ἐξουσία 7; s. also JFitzmyer, [Qumran angelology] NTS 4, ’57/58, 48–58; LJervis, JBL 112, ’93, 243–45: angels mediate God’s presence). In 6:3 οὐκ οἴδατε, ὅτι ἀγγέλους κρινοῦμεν; it is not certain whether only fallen angels are meant; θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀ. worship of angels Col 2:18 polemicizes against what appears to be a type of gnostic reverence for angels. (On Qumran angelology s. Fitzmyer, cited above.)—OEverling, D. paulinische Angelologie u. Dämonologie 1888; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 1909; GKurze, D. Engels-u. Teufels-glaube d. Ap. Pls 1915; MJones, St Paul and the Angels: Exp. 8th ser., 16, 1921, 356–70; 412–25; EPeterson, D. Buch von den Engeln ’35; JMichl, D. Engelvorstellungen in Apk I ’37; ELangton, The Angel Teaching of the NT ’37; JBernardin, JBL 57, ’38, 273–79; ESchick, D. Botschaft der Engel im NT ’40; WMichaelis, Z. Engelchristol. im Urchristent. ’42; GHatzidakis, Ἄγγελος u. Verwandtes: SBWienAk 173, 1914.—B. 1486. DELG. DDD 81–96 (lit.). M-M. New Docs 5, 72f. TW. Sv.

ὀρθός, ή, όν,

A straight,

I in height, upright, standing, Hom., who commonly joins it with

στῆναι, στῆ δ' ὀρθός Il.23.271

, al., cf. Hdt.5.111,9.22 (where it is used of a horse rearing);

ὀρθαὶ τρίχες ἔσταν Il.24.359

, cf. Hes.Op. 540 ;

ὀρθῶν ἑσταότων ἀγορή Il.18.246

;

οἱ δ' ἐν νηΐ μ' ἔδησαν.. ὀρθὸν ἐν ἱστοπέδῃ Od.12.179

, cf. S.Aj. 239 (anap.);

κυρβασίας.. ὀρθὰς εἶχον πεπηγυίας Hdt.7.64

;

ὀρθὸν αἴρεις κάρα A.Ch. 496

, etc.; ὀρθὸν οὖς ἵστησι pricks up his ear, S.El.27, etc.; applied to the erect posture of man, Arist.PA 653a31, al.; ὀ. θηρίον, of man, Philem.3 ; of buildings, standing with their walls entire,

[τὸ Πάνακτον] ὀρθὸν παραδοῦναι Th.5.42

;

ὀρθαὶ κίονες Pi.P.4.267

, cf. PLond. 3.755v.2(iv A. D.); of a standing crop, ib.1165.2 (ii A. D.). Adv.,

ὀρθῶς ἑστῶτες Arist.PA 689b19

.

b Geom., at right angles to..,

εὐθεῖα πρὸς ἐπίπεδον ὀρθή ἐστιν ὅταν.. Euc.11

Def.3.

c Astrol., ὀρθὰ ζῴδια signs which rise vertically, opp. πλάγια, Doroth. in Cat. Cod. Astr.5 (1). 240.

II in line, straight (opp. σκολιός crooked and πλάγιος aslant), ἀντ' ἠελίου τετραμμένος ὀρθός straight, right opposite the sun, Hes.Op. 727 ;

ὀρθὸν εὐθύνοι βέλος A.Fr. 200

; ποιῶν ὀρθὰ πάντα πρὸς

κανόνα IG7.3073.108

(Lebadea, ii B. C.); ὀ. τρῶμα longitudinal to the muscle, opp. ἐπικάρσιος, Hp.Prorrh.2.15 ;

ὀρθὸς εἰς ὁδὸν πορεύεται S. Aj. 1254

;

εἶμι.. ὀ. ὁδόν Thgn.945

;

ὀ. κέλευθον ἰών Pi.P.11.39

; ὀρθὴν κελεύεις, i. e. ὀρθὴν ὁδόν με ἰέναι κ., Ar.Av.1 ; so ὀρθὴν ἄνω δίωκε (sc. όδόν) Id.Th. 1223 (but ὀρθήν, = εὐθύς, Hyp.Fr. 257); δι' ὀρθῆς τήνδε ναυκληρεῖς πόλιν (sc. ὁδοῦ) S.Ant. 994 ;

εἰς ὀρθὸν τρέχειν Diph.61.5

;

εἰς ὀρθὸν ἀποδοῦναι

to face the front originally held,

Ascl.Tact.10.1

;

κατ' ὀρθὸν εὐδρομεῖν Men.681

; also

ὀρθᾷ χερί

straightway,

Pi.O.10(11).4

; ὀρθῷ ποδί ib.13.72, Fr. 167 ; but τιθέναι ὀρθὸν πόδα is prob. to put the foot out, as in walking, A.Eu. 294 (v.

κατηρεφής 1

), cf. E.Med. 1166.

2 βλέπειν ὀρθά, opp. being blind, S.OT 419 ;

ὀρθὸν ἀνέβλεψε

recovered his sight,

IG 14.966

(Rome, ii A. D.);

ἐξ ὀμμάτων ὀ.. κἀξ ὀρθῆς φρενός S.OT 528

; ὀρθοῖς ὄμμασιν ib. 1385 ; v. ὄμμα 1.

III metaph.,

1 right, safe, prosperous:

a partly from signf. 1,

τοὺς δὲ τομαῖς ἔστασεν ὀρθούς

set them up, restored,

Pi.P.3.53

; so ὀρθὸν ἀστάσας (= ἀναστήσας) IG42(1).122.52 (Epid., iv B. C.);

ἐς ὀρθὸν ἱστάναι τινά E.Supp. 1230

;

ὀρθὰν φυλάσσειν Τένεδον Pi.N.11.5

; so

στάντες τ' ἐς ὀρθὸν καὶ πεσόντες ὕστερον S.OT50

, cf. Pl.La. 181b ; ταύτης ἔπι (sc. χθονός) πλέοντες ὀρθῆς (the state being represented as a ship) S. Ant. 190 ;

ἐν ὀρθῷ κεῖσθαι Plb.31.7.1

.

b partly from signf. 11, κατ' ὀρθὸν ἐξελθεῖν, of prophecies, S.OT88, cf. OC 1424; κατ' ὀρθὸν οὐρίσαι to speed in prosperous course, Id.OT 695 (lyr.).

2 right, true, correct, ἄγγελος, ἀγγελία, νόος, Pi.O.6.90, P.4.279, 10.68 ;

μάρτυρες A.Eu. 318

(anap.), etc.;

γλῶσσα S.Fr. 351

;

ὀρθᾷ φρενί Pi.O.8.24

; ὄρθ' ἀκούειν to be rightly, truly called, S.OT 903 (lyr.);

κατὰ τὸ ὀ. δικάζειν Hdt. 1.96

;

ὀ. λόγῳ

strictly speaking, in very truth,

Id.2.17

, 6.68, etc.: so in Adv.,

ὀρθῶς λέγειν Id.1.51

;

ὀ. ἔλεξας S.Ph. 341

;

ὀ. φράσαι A.Ch. 526

;

εἴρηκας ὀ. S.El. 1040

;

ὀ. φρονεῖν A.Pr. 1000

, Archyt.1 (so

εἰς ὀρθὸν φ. S. Fr. 612

);

ὀ. γνῶναι Antipho 2.2.8

; ὀ. ἔχει it is right, c. inf., Pl.Euthphr. 9a ;

ὀ. ἐνδίκως τ' ἐπώνυμον A.Th. 405

, cf. 829 (anap.): in answers, rightly, exactly, Pl.Prt. 359e;

ὀ. γε Diph.32.18

: [comp] Sup.,

ὀρθότατα καλεόμενος Hdt.4.59

; so

τὸ ὀρθὸν ἐξείρηκα S.Tr. 374

; φωνεῖν δίκης ἐς ὀρθόν ib. 347 ;

κατ' ὀρθόν Pl.Ti. 44b

.

3 true, real, genuine, ὀ. πολιτεῖαι, opp. παρεκβάσεις, Arist.Pol. 1279a18, etc.; ὀ. μανία real madness, Ael.NA11.32, cf. Theoc.11.11. Adv. - θῶς really, truly,

τοὺς ὀ. φιλομαθεῖς Pl.Phd. 67b

;

ὁ ὀ. κυβερνήτης Id.R. 341c

;

τὸν ὀ. συγγενῆ Diph. 102

.

4 upright, just,

ἐμμένειν ὀ. νόμῳ S.Aj. 350

(lyr.);

τὸ ὀ.

uprightness,

Pl.R. 540d

; ἐπιστήμη ἐνοῦσα καὶ ὀ. λόγος (v. λόγος IV. I) Id.Phd. 73a; ὁ ὀ. λόγος διὰ πάντων ἐρχόμενος (v.

λόγος 111.7

) Chrysipp.Stoic.3.4 ; ὀ. λόγοι virtues on the intellectual side, Phld.Piet.8. Adv.

ὀρθῶς

rightly, justly,

Th.3.56

;

ὀ. καὶ δικαίως Antipho1.10

, IG22.228.14 (iv B. C.), IPE12.32B73 (Olbia, iii B. C.), etc.;

ὀ. καὶ νομίμως Isoc.7.28

.

5 of persons, 'straight', straightforward,

σμικροὶ καὶ οὐκ ὀρθοὶ τὰς ψυχάς Pl. Tht. 173a

.

6 on tiptoe, full of expectation, excited,

ὀρθῆς τῆς πόλεως γενομένης διά τι Isoc.16.7

;

τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὀρθὴν οὖσαν ἐπί τινι Id.5.70

;

ὀ. ἦν ἡ πόλις ἐπὶ τοῖς συμβεβηκόσιν Lycurg.39

, cf. Hyp.Fr.39 ;

ὀ. καὶ μετέωροι ταῖς διανοίαις Plb.28.17.11

;

ὀ. καὶ περίφοβος ἦν ἡ πόλις Id.3.112.6

;

ὀ. διὰ τὸν φόβον D.S.16.84

;

ὀ. καὶ δραστήριος διὰ τὸ θαρρεῖν Plu.Phil.12

.

IV ἡ ὀρθή,

1 (sc. ὁδός) v. supr. 11.1.

2 ὀ. γωνία right angle, Pl.Ti. 55b ; so ὀ. alone, Arist.EN 1098a30, al.; cf. ὄρθιος v. 1 : τέμνειν πρὸς ὀρθάς to cut at right angles, Euc.3.3, al.; εἴ τις δείξειεν ὅτι αἱ ὀρθαὶ οὐ συμπίπτουσι.. that right angles do not meet (short for 'that two straight lines making, with a third, interior angles equal to two right angles, etc.'), Arist.AP0.74a13 ; τὸ δυσὶν ὀρθαῖς the theorem that the angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles, ib.85b5 ; ὀρθὸς κῶνος, κύλινδρος, a right cone, cylinder, Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.26, 1.11.

3 (with or without πτῶσις) nominative, Lat. casus rectus, opp. the oblique cases, D.T. 636.3, Str.14.2.28, A.D.Pron.39.10, al., S.E.M.1.177.

V ὀρθά active verbs, opp. ὕπτια (passive) and οὐδέτερα (neuter), Chrysipp.Stoic.2.59.

VI ὀ. τόνος real or unmodified (cf. supr. 111.3) accent, opp. ἐγκλινόμενος, A.D.Pron.36.10, al.; so ὀρθὴ τάσις ib.54.8, al. (The gloss of Hsch., βορθ-αγορίσκοι, = ὀ., and the dialect forms of Ὀρθεία (q.v.), suggest that the word orig. had ϝ.)